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All labor compelled under the threat of penalty is excluded from simple military service, ordinary civic duties, labor by prisoners performed under the supervision and control of public institutions as a result of court decisions, and mobilization and minor services in emergency situations (International Labour Organization, ILO Convention No. 29: Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour). Additionally, according to ILO Convention No. 105 (Abolition of Forced Labour Convention), forced labor used as a means of political education, economic development, labor discipline, sanctions for strike participation, or discriminatory treatment is prohibited. ※ Even in cases of non-military activities conducted during the obligatory military service period recognized as an exception under Convention No. 29, if such labor is forcibly mobilized for the purpose of economic development, it constitutes a violation of Convention No. 105.